Job Role Questions

1. What is the job sector that goes with your job and describe that sector
2. How do you view globalization?
3. How does globalization affect your country, your specific demographic group and your region within your country?
4. What are your work conditions like?
5. Does your job affect others and how?

job roles period 5

Mexico - Maquiladora Worker Koltas Delgado
Nigeria - American oil exec Yesenia Miguel
Man on the street South Africa city Beatriz
CEO of a major transnational corporation (Wal Mart) Hernandez Raquel
Bangladesh woman using microloans Juwanna Conor
China Factory Worker for America (Walmart/Nike) Harlan and Joseph
Liberia Child Laborer for conflict diamonds Eshaya Alexia
Malawi farmer Julio and Carolina
Nigeria Identity thief Eric and Micah
United States Google worker Dom Gilany Nathan
India call center worker Soroce and Davis
Botswanan Diamond factory worker Sandoval Vianey Ariuntungalag
Farmer in Zimbabwe Steve and Sam Mario

Job Roles Period 4

Mexico - Maquiladora Worker Allen, Aponte
Nigeria - American oil exec Torres Carlo Ciera
man on the street South Africa Paul, Amy
CEO of a major transnational corporation (Wal Mart) Roussev, Ian
Bangladesh woman using microloans Allison
Samantha
China Factory Worker for America Scales Remy (Walmart/Nike)
Liberia Child Laborer for conflict diamonds
Yvonne Jordan
Malawi farmer Cynthia Julia
Nigeria Identity thief Mikes
United States Google worker Dedric, Dan
India call center worker Ken Giselle
Botswanan Diamond factory worker Roger Renaida
Farmer in Zimbabwe Raul Lance

Preliminary Question Set for World Studies

1. in the demographic transition chart, the top line represents

a crude birth rate

b crude death rate

c the amount of growth

d the number of people

e the natural rate of increase

2. in the demographic transition chart, the lower line represents

a crude birth rate

b crude death rate

c the amount of growth

d the number of people

e the natural rate of increase

3. in the demographic transition chart, the space between the lines represents

a crude birth rate

b crude death rate

c the amount of growth

d the number of people

e the natural rate of increase

4. in the demographic transition chart, the part to the left

a represents an earlier part of history and goes along with popular culture

b represents a later part of history and goes along with popular culture

c represents an earlier part of history and goes along with folk culture

d represents a later part of history and goes along with popular culture

5. in the demographic transition chart, the part to the right

a represents an earlier part of history and goes along with popular culture

b represents a later part of history and goes along with popular culture

c represents an earlier part of history and goes along with folk culture

d represents a later part of history and goes along with popular culture

6. In the demographic transition chart, the highest growth rate occurs in stage

a 1

b 2

c 3

d 4

e 5

7. In which stage do the most developed societies exist

a 1

b 2

c 3

d 4

e 5

8. a pyramid with a wide base and a narrow top that does not go up too high goes along with a country

a that is developing and has population growth but lower life expectancies

b an advanced country with zero population growth and lower life expectancies

c an advanced country with high population growth and high life expectancies

d an advanced country with country with zero population growth and high life expectancies

9. a pyramid with a rectangular look that tapers at the top indicates

a that is developing and has population growth but lower life expectancies

b an advanced country with zero population growth and lower life expectancies

c an advanced country with high population growth and high life expectancies

d an advanced country with country with zero population growth and high life expectancies

10. On the population pyramid, the area to the right

a represents women

b represents men

c represents age

d represents nothing, it just mirrors the left

11. In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is typical of

A) homogeneous groups.

B) sense of family and community

C) groups living in isolated rural areas.

D) groups that have little interaction with other groups.

E) groups living in large cities

12. Popular culture is linked to the demographic transition chart in that it

A) tends to occur in MDC's

B) has family values that have changed to the point where alternate lifestyles and divorce are allowed

C) has values that shift over time

D) can be expected in countries like the U.S. where women are going to college in larger numbers than men

E) All of the above

13. Folk culture includes all of the following except

a homogeneous

b family

c less development

d individuality

14. Popular culture includes all of the following except

a heterogeneous

b more family values

c more development

d individuality

15. Hitler wanted Germany

a to adapt more popular values

b to keep its folk values

c to move on to stage 4 of the demographic transition

d to go back to stage 1 of the demographic transition with high birth and death rates

16. According to GGS, farming

a leads to a society with many differnt job

b leads to inventions

c leads to food surpluses and an increase in population

d leads to gunpowder and germs

e all of the above

17. According to GGS, the European beat the Aztecs because

a they had disease immunities

b the East-Wet axis forced them to have better military skills

c they had more inventions due to their better farming techniques and more developed societies

d because they had steel

e all of the above

18. According to GGS, having livestock

a means you have a better chance of dying of disease and is not good

b means you develop diseases first and get the immunities first making you more powerful

c is not an advantage or disadvantage

d means you will not farm

19. According to GGS, Eurasia

a had 13 of the 14 ancestors to all of the large animals

b had an advantage because it is the longest landmass going East to West

c had a greater variety of plants

d all of the above

20. The Ottoman empire got involved in WWI because

a the Germans were invading their lands

b the French, English and Russians were invading their lands

c the Austrians and Serbians were invading their lands

d all of the above

e none of the above

21. Germany got involved in WWII because

A of an alliance with Austria

B because of an alliance with Serbia

C because of its close ethnic ties with England

D because it wanted to unite with France

22. All of the following weapons were present throughout the ENTIRE TIME OF WWI except

a machine guns

b barbed wire

c poison gas

d tanks

e none of the above

23. What country was created once again after WWI

a Austria

b Germany

c Poland

d Spain

e Russia

24. What treaty ended WWI

a Versailles

b Cologne

c Magna Carta

d 11th treaty of the 11th hour

e none of the above

25. The treaty that ended WWI did all of the following except

a make Germany give up some land

b blame Germany for the war

c make the Germans pay for the war

d establish the United Nations

26. Whose death sparked WWI

a Franz Ferdinand

b George Princeps

c Neville Chamberlain

d Josef Stephenfritzel

27. A nation-state is

a a group of people who want a country

b an ethnic group that wants its own state

c the same thing. nation means state

d nothing- it is a made up word

28. The Serbians in Austria are an example

a of people who wanted to belong to their own nation-state

b people who felt protected by Austria

c people who fought hard to join with Austria

d people who are people with other people in the people of those people

29. Stop crying during the exam and just put down the letter A for this one (freebie)

30. The line that France put up between it and Germany

a Jouquin

b Maginot

c Jurgun

D JarJarBinks

31. That line failed because

a it was too short

b it was too weak

c it was modeled after the ideas of WWI

d it did not fail. it worked

32. The area between trenches in WWI was known as

a ground hog area

b no man's land

c deserted area

d death valley

e it had no name

33. (T/F) Women live loner than men

34. (T/F) The United Nations came after the League of Nations

35. (T/F) The area between western and eastern Europe was called the Iron wall after WWI

36. (T/F) The Cold War started after WWI

37. The treaty that took Russia out of WWI was

a the Stalin-Hitler pact

b the treaty of Versailles

c the treaty of Brest-Letovsk

d false- Russia stayed in WWI till the bitter end

38. WWII

a officially started with the invasion of Czechoslovakia

b officially started with the invasion of Poland

c Started when Hitler attacked England

d started when Hitler attacked France

39. (T/F) Before WWII officially stared Hitler united with Austria

40. The process of giving into Hitler that occurred before WWII began is known as

a appeasement

b nationalism

c annulment

d deceasement

41. The battle that turned Hitler out of the Soviet Union was

a Moscow

b Ukraine

c Stalingrad

d St. Petersburg

42. (T/F) The Soviet Union came from the west and turned all of those countries in Europe from the west to communism

43. (T/F) Hitler made a pact with Stalin because he did not want to fight a war on two fronts

44. (T/F) Hitler was able to get land back from France without causing the beginning of WWII

45. (T/F) Hitler was into folk culture and wanted German women to have big families with lots of children

46. Homogeneous means

a a group of people that are similar

b groups of people with differing backgrounds

c that you make your country one again

d that you end war through unity

47. (T/F) Jewish scientists from Germany made the atomic bomb possible here in the U.S.

48. (T/F) WWII helped to end global colonization

49. After WWII

a the United States gave tons of money to all of Europe including Germany

b the U.S. gave money and called it the Marshall plan

c the U.S. pushed to help Germany out after the war

d all of the above

50. The term balance of power

a refers to the idea that no one country should get too powerful

b sharing power between all countries through the U.N.

c Hitler's desire to have all power

d all of the above

51. (T/F) Sanction means to penalize a country

52. Immigrants like to go to countries in which phase of the demographic transition

a 1

b 2

c 3

d 4

53. More developed countries with popular cultures are

a often organic in nature

b often mechanical in nature

c are both organic and mechanical

d are neither

54. (T/F) The East-West Axis forced Europeans to develop better military techniques

55. (T/F) WWI started in the area of the Balkans

56. After WWI

a the United nations was formed

b Germany got reparations

c the League of Nations was formed

d WWII started just months later

57. In more developed countries, you would expect their population pyramid to

a look like a rectangle with a small pyramid on top

b to have lower to no population growth

c to have a bulge at the top towards the right

d all of the above

e none of the above

58. In population pyramids, the left and right sides

a separate young from old

b separate newborns from others

c distinguish between men and women

d none of the above

59. (T/F) Armies usually built trenches behind their trenches

60. (T/F) WWI had many weapons to kill but few technologies to protect or move soldiers

61. WWI was caused by

a many secret alliances

b the growth of industry and competition for resources and markets

c fights over colonies

d Austria's Serbians' desire to unite with Serbia

e All of the above

62. The leader of England during WWII

a Westminster

b Abbey

c Thames

d Churchill

63. Hitler hated the Jews because

a he wanted Germany to be an organic state

b he believed the Jews had betrayed Germany and were the cause of their loss in WWI

c he believe in a folk culture

d he believed genetics determined your behavior and culture

e all of the above

64. The United States got involved in WWII in

a 1941

b 1939

c 1945

d 1943

65. Having a long east-west axis

a equals having a greater variety of plants

b equals having a greater variety of climates

c equals having a greater variety of temperatures

d all of the above

66. Russia

a was Russia before WWI

b was Russia after WWI

c was called the Soviet Union after WWI

d was called Russia after 1989

e both a c and d

67. The leader of England responsible for giving to Hitler's desires previous to WWII

a Churchill

b Westminster

c Abbey

d Chamberlain

68. Heterogeneous means

a many differing types

b one type

c a group of people with one trait

d none of the above

69. Who in the hell are you

a someone trying to pass this test

b someone crying alone in a corner

c in your mind you are Sroth, Lord of the Dragons and Future Ruler or all Things Dungeons and Dragons

d all of the above (must answer this to get it right)

70. An example of a country with zero to negative population growth is

a Japan

b Mexico

c India

d Indonesia

71. An example of a country with a high population growth is

a France

b England

c Australia

d India

e none of the above

72. Both stage one and stage four of the demographic transition chart

a have low growth rate

b have nothing in common

c have high birth and death rates

d have low birth and death rates

73. WWII differed from WWI in

a the way Germany was treated

b that it ended with a clear victory

c Germany won WWI

d Germany won WWII

e all of the above

74. WWI differed from WWII in that

a the cold war started after WWI

b the U.S. was not involved in WWI

c the problems that caused WWI were never really ended or solved

d none of the above

3) In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is typical of

A) homogeneous groups.

B) sense of family and community

C) groups living in isolated rural areas.

D) groups that have little interaction with other groups.

E) groups living in large cities

4) Which of the following characteristics is more typical of a popular culture than a folk culture?

A) It has an anonymous origin.

B) It diffuses slowly from its point of origin.

C) It results in a more uniform landscape.

D) It is likely to be derived from physical conditions.

E) It results in a more heterogeneous landscape

9) Folk customs most frequently originate in

A) more developed countries.

B) less developed countries.

C) former communist countries.

D) equally likely in all of the above

E) equally likely in none of the above

47) Folk culture is linked to the demographic transition chart in that

A) Latin American countries are in stage 2, African countries are in stage 3 and both are more likely to have folk customs than countries in stage 4

B) Popular cultures usually go along with societies that have unified, nuclear families

C) Popular cultures usually have lots of leisure time to develop and maintain traditions

D) Stage 3 countries are the most developed and most immersed in popular culture

E) All of the above

48) Popular culture is linked to the demographic transition chart in that it

A) tends to occur in MDC's

B) has family values that have changed to the point where alternate lifestyles and divorce are allowed

C) has values that shift over time

D) can be expected in countries like the U.S. where women are going to college in larger numbers than men

E) All of the above

How does the fact that the Jewish religion is ethnic relate to the Nazi's

How does Hitler represent the values of folk culture

What is the stab in the back theory

How did the weapons change from the time of Napoleon to WWI to WWII and how did that change fighting styles.

How does the GGS theory relate to the Americas

GGS theory

band, tribe chiefdom state

be able to explain the chart that overviews GGS

Know the differences that exist between pop and folk culture and how we saw that in the restaurants

Know when the agri revolution started

Know when the plague started and how many it killed and how that affected Europe

Know why the Aztecs fought the way they did and how that relates to GGS

Know how the Aztec customs involving women show how they are a folk culture

Understand the differences between a state and all of the other levels of existence.

Know what slash and burn farming is and how that relates to environmental possibilism

Know what the renaissance means and who it applies to.

Know what secularism and how it applies to the renaissance

Know the theories of Locke and Hobbes and how Locke's ideas apply to the U.S. and what a social contract is and how the ideas of democracy apply to food.

Know what reason is and how science applies to the enlightenment

What is industrialization and how did it change farming as well as industry

What were the effects of the industrial rev

What were the causes of the French Rev and what were the main ideas of the rev

What were the causes of WWI

Extra Credit

Go to a museum. It can be a major museum downtown or a local museum.
Take several pictures (6). You must be in two of them.
Write about the history of the museum and its purpose.
Review one section of the museum.
Answer this question: Why is this museum needed.


Your report must be turned in before the end of the semester. You must organize your paper and it needs to be 5-6 pages long. It has to be typed and you need to cite any sources you use.

Test Review

2. in the demographic transition chart, the part to the left

a represents an earlier part of history and goes along with popular culture

b represents a later part of history and goes along with popular culture

c represents an earlier part of history and goes along with folk culture

d represents a later part of history and goes along with popular culture

3. in the demographic transition chart, the part to the right

a represents an earlier part of history and goes along with popular culture

b represents a later part of history and goes along with popular culture

c represents an earlier part of history and goes along with folk culture

d represents a later part of history and goes along with popular culture

4. In the demographic transition chart, the highest growth rate occurs in stage

a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 5

5. In which stage do the most developed societies exist

a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 5

6. a pyramid with a wide base and a narrow top that does not go up too high goes along with a country

a that is developing and has population growth but lower life expectancies

b an advanced country with zero population growth and lower life expectancies

c an advanced country with high population growth and high life expectancies

d an advanced country with country with zero population growth and high life expectancies

7. a pyramid with a rectangular look that tapers at the top indicates

a that is developing and has population growth but lower life expectancies

b an advanced country with zero population growth and lower life expectancies

c an advanced country with high population growth and high life expectancies

d an advanced country with country with zero population growth and high life expectancies

8. On the population pyramid, the area to the right

a represents women b represents men

c represents age d represents nothing, it just mirrors the left

9. According to GGS, farming

a leads to a society with many different job

b leads to inventions

c leads to food surpluses and an increase in population

d leads to gunpowder and germs

e all of the above

11. According to GGS, having livestock

a means you have a better chance of dying of disease and is not good

b means you develop diseases first and get the immunities first making you more powerful

c is not an advantage or disadvantage

d means you will not farm

15. Having a long east-west axis

a equals having a greater variety of plants

b equals having a greater variety of climates

c equals having a greater variety of temperatures

d all of the above

16. Who in the hell are you

a someone trying to pass this test

b someone crying alone in a corner

c in your mind you are Sroth, Lord of the Dragons and Future Ruler or all Things Dungeons and Dragons

d all of the above (must answer this to get it right)

20. Answer A and take your free point and go home crying

22 According the demographic transition chart

Stage one is folk and stage four is popular and it goes from less to more developed

Stage one is less developed and has low birth rates

Stage four has high birth rates

Stage four and one have low growth rates

Both a and d

24. MDC's and then LDC's and the Hunter-Gatherers had what percentage of people working on the food supply for their people

A 50, 2, 75 B 25, 80, 100 C 2, 50, 100 D 25, 60, 90 E none of the above

25. African countries in general are at stage

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

26. Asian countries in general are at stage

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

27. Latin America countries in general are at stage

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

28. European countries in general are at stage

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

29. Malthus was

A a philosopher who believed population growth would be faster than the growth in food supply

B a philosopher whose ideas apply well to Rwanda and the crisis there

C was from 1800s England

D believed that people who have children at a dangerously increasing rate if allowed

E all of the above

40. Famines have

A Always happened and always will in the future without a doubt because we do not have enough food for all of the people

B Occurred only in democracies with a large number of people

C Occurred in countries with dictators

D Not occurred in recent years

E All of the above

41. Who believed life was nasty, brutish and short

A Hobbes B Locke

C Montesquieu D Roseau

E Mr. Lewis

42. According to Locke’s social contract you have the right to

A Life, liberty and property

B Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

C Have warm fuzzy kittens in your apartment

D Revolt if your basic liberties are maintained by the government

E All of the above

4. Per capita define

A per dollar

B per person

C per amount of capital (dollar)

D per year

12. Popular culture is linked to the demographic transition chart in that it

A) tends to occur in MDC's

B) has family values that have changed to the point where alternate lifestyles and divorce are allowed

C) has values that shift over time

D) can be expected in countries like the U.S. where women are going to college in larger numbers than men

E) All of the above

13. Folk culture includes all of the following except

a homogeneous

b family

c less development

d individuality

14. Popular culture includes all of the following except

a heterogeneous

b more family values

c more development

d individuality

20. A nation-state is

a a group of people who want a country

b an ethnic group that wants its own state

c the same thing. nation means state

d nothing- it is a made up word

21. Stop crying during the exam and just put down the letter A for this one (freebie)

26. Heterogeneous means

a many differing types

b one type

c a group of people with one trait

d none of the above

67. Epidemics are usually found in what stage of the demographic transition

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

E none

68. Countries that average around 3 children per family will likely be in what stage

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

E none

86. Locally made clothing and foods are more important to

A popular culture

B folk culture

C no culture

D all cultures

E none of the above

Causes of WWI

Sides of WWI

How was the meat packing industry an example of industrialization

How did the industrial revolution change the nature of warfare

Why were bright uniforms needed for Napoleon’s army but not in WWI

How did war change from Napoleon to WWI

Spark of WWI

How did the weapons of WWI change the nature of warfare and lack of certain weapons

Trench system and why it was set up the way it was

What was total warfare

Why did Russia leave WWI

Why did America join WWI and how does the Somme relate to that

Significance to the Somme for the British

Difference between Napoleon’s battle and WWI battle

Distance in weaponry, accuracy, use of horses, gunpowder, communication,

Treaty of WWI and its consequences

Define nationalism

how was belgium significant to wwi

why did the ottoman empire join in on the central powers

what was the most effective weapon of Germans during wwi (invention)

how did wwi start

why did the US have the lowest casualty rate of any country during wwi

what was the spanish flu

who would get the highest rate of casualties in a wwi battle

how wide was the front at the Somme

why did the frontlines have to be so widespread

what is a creeping barrage

what effect did this war have on Germany

how long did Germany fight and whom did they blame for the war

define communism

define capitalism

define epidemic

Q: Has there been much or any return migration of your ethnic group

Look into this reverse/return migration within your ethnic group. Note: it does not apply often. You could also look into whether or not these immigrants are likely to send money home


Brazilians Giving Up Their American Dream
By NINA BERNSTEIN and ELIZABETH DWOSKIN

Like hundreds of thousands of middle-class Brazilians who moved to the United States over the last two decades, Jose Osvandir Borges and his wife, Elisabeth, came on tourist visas and stayed as illegal immigrants, putting down roots in ways they never expected.

After packing up their plasma-screen TV, scholastic trophies and other fruits of 12 prosperous years in the Ironbound in Newark, the couple and their American-born daughter, Marianna, 10, were scheduled to fly back to Brazil for good this morning. They expect their son, Thiago, 21, to follow in a year or two, despite his reluctance to leave the only land that feels like home.

“You can’t spend your entire life waiting to be legal,” said Mr. Borges, 42, reflecting on a hard decision born of lost hopes, new fears and changing economies in both countries since he arrived in 1996. By law, the couple faces a 10-year bar on re-entering the United States, even as visitors.

That decision — to give up on life in the United States — is being made by more and more Brazilians across the country, according to consular officials, travel agencies swamped by one-way ticket bookings, and community leaders in the neighborhoods that Brazilian immigrants have transformed, from Boston to Pompano Beach, Fla.

No one can say how many are leaving. But in the last half year, the reverse migration has become unmistakable among Brazilians in the United States, a population estimated at 1.1 million by Brazil’s government — four to five times the official census figures.

To explain an often wrenching decision to pull up stakes, homeward-bound Brazilians point to a rising fear of deportation and a slumping American economy. Many cite the expiration of driver’s licenses that can no longer be renewed under tougher rules, coupled with the steep drop in the value of the dollar against the currency of Brazil, where the economy has improved.

“You put it all together, and why should you stay in an environment like that if you have a place like Brazil, where there’s hope, a light at the end of the tunnel and it’s not a train to run you over?” said Pedro Coelho, a businessman in Mount Vernon, N.Y., who is known as the mayor of Brazilians in Westchester County. “Are they leaving? Yes, by the hundreds.”

In Massachusetts, says Fausto da Rocha, the founder of the Boston-area Brazilian Immigrant Center, his compatriots — many here illegally — are leaving by the thousands, some after losing homes in the subprime mortgage crisis. In New York and New Jersey, travel agents and others who sell airline seats say that one-way bookings to Brazil have more than doubled since last year, to about 150 daily from Kennedy International Airport, and that flights are sold out through February.

And at Brazil’s consulate in Miami, which serves Brazilians in five Southeastern states, officials said a recent survey of moving companies and travel agencies confirmed what they had already surmised from their foot traffic: More Brazilians are leaving the region than arriving — the reversal of an upward curve that seemed unstoppable as recently as 2005, when Brazilians unable to meet tightened visa requirements were sneaking across the United States-Mexico border in record numbers.

It is too soon to say whether the reverse migration of Brazilians puts them in the vanguard of a larger trend among immigrants, or underscores their distinctiveness. Like Mr. Borges, who said he was poorly paid as a university teacher of religious studies in his native city of Curitiba, they generally come from more urban and educated classes than other major groups of illegal immigrants from Latin America, studies show. Many returning now have been investing their American earnings in Brazilian property.

But their own explanation for the surge back to Brazil contradicts conventional wisdom on both sides of the immigration debate.

For years, advocates of giving people like the Borgeses a chance to earn legal status have argued that illegal immigrants will only be driven further underground by enforcement measures like raids or denying them driver’s licenses. Advocates of harsher restrictions and penalties have argued that illegal immigration is now growing independently of the ebb and flow of the American economy. Returning Brazilians defy both contentions.

Faced with diminishing rewards and rising expenses in the United States, long separated from aging relatives in Brazil, “people say, ‘Is this worth it, being illegal, being scared?’“ said Maxine L. Margolis, a professor of anthropology at the University of Florida in Gainesville who has written extensively on Brazilians in the United States.

There are regional variations, but the pattern is consistent. In South Florida, the expiration of a driver’s license is often a turning point for families already caught short by the slump in housing construction, said Sister Judi Clemens, a pastoral assistant with Our Lady Aparecida Mission, which serves five different Brazilian communities in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami. She noted that until seven years ago, Brazilians with tourist visas could get Florida licenses valid for eight years, but they are all expiring now and cannot be renewed.

“There’s no public transportation here in Florida, so people drive to work in fear and trembling,” worried that a traffic stop could mean months in immigration detention, she said. “A lot of people have just simply said, ‘I’ve had enough.’“

In Massachusetts, where there is more public transportation, a spate of high-profile immigration raids, coupled with home foreclosures, have played a key role in the exodus, said community leaders like Mr. da Rocha, a legal resident who came in 1989. “I believe we lost 5,000 Brazilians only this year,” he said. “The landlords are going to face a crisis soon.”

While Brazil does not yet offer the job opportunities of Ireland, which has drawn back emigrants in droves, neither is it an economically bleak or war-torn country. And like Italian immigrants early in the 20th century, who typically planned to return to Italy — half of them eventually doing so — many Brazilians arrived with the intention of going back as soon as they met their financial goals.

But like the Borges family, they soon changed their timetable.

“We came here to save enough money to buy a house” in Brazil, Mr. Borges said, recalling the early weeks when the family slept in a friend’s basement and he worked in construction for the first time. They expected to return to Brazil after two years.

Instead, he found his inner entrepreneur. He started a plumbing and construction business that soon employed upward of seven compatriots, paid taxes and helped build name-brand hotels in three states.

But in 2005, as the construction boom began to go bust, larger companies, prompted by labor unions, started to demand working papers, he said. And when his crew could not produce them, they were let go.

As the housing market faltered, weekly earnings in his business shrank from a high of $6,000 to barely $2,000, he said. Expenses like gas and rent rose, making it harder for him and Ms. Borges, who cleaned houses in New York, to pay off loans for the farm they were buying in Brazil.

The dollar, which once bought four Brazilian reals, dropped to a historic low of 1.7 reals in May. Then in June came their personal tipping point: the collapse of the bipartisan bill in Congress that would have offered them, and millions of other illegal residents, a path to legal status.

“After the law didn’t pass, it was like all the hope went away at once,” said Mr. Borges, who had traveled, with other members of St. James Catholic Church in Newark, to rallies supporting the bill in Trenton and Washington.

In past years, he allowed, he spent $26,000 on dubious and doomed efforts to secure a green card. Now, he hopes to make a living by processing sugar cane for ethanol on his Brazilian farm. “If we had papers, we’d stay forever,” said Ms. Borges, 41, who has been active in their children’s public schools. “We love this community.”

Proudly, they showed off the trophy that Marianna won in third grade in an anti-littering poster contest, for a design that is now featured in shop windows throughout the Ironbound.

It is in such neighborhoods, where Brazilians brought fresh bustle to faded storefronts or abandoned factories, that the departures are being felt most keenly.

“I’m scared,” said Francine Melo, the owner of the travel agency in Newark where Mr. Borges bought three one-way tickets for $1,708. “I make my living through these people.”

Another of her last-time customers, Norma dos Santos, a former house cleaner, said she felt she had no choice. Seven years after overstaying her visa, she said, she does not drive to work or pick up her children at school for fear that a traffic stop could put her in immigration detention.

“It’s just getting harder and harder to stay here without documents,” she said.

Still, she is uncertain that she is doing right by her American-born children, a newborn and a 2-year old boy.

“I’m worried they’ll grow up and ask me, ‘How could you have left America?’“ she said.